Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

10/27/2013

BDD is basically TDD done properly. It is an approach for building a shared understanding on what software to build by discussing examples. It is a technique that uses a business language to define acceptance criteria. It is about figuring out what to build with an outside-in approach - having conversations, capturing conversations, automating conversations. In other words, first think about what you’re about to write, then think about how you would test the code, before writing it.

BDD is not an agile project framework (e.g. SCRUM) nor a project management approach.

Software testing involves the followings:

1. specification - Define problem domain we'd like to solve.
2. feedback - Run test and see if the code works.
3. regression - Once it works, it should continue to work, so we run all testcases again to make things still work.

When I got my first gig as a junior software engineer in the 90's, I also did QA works that involves coming up with test cases according to the specification, running the test cases to get feedbacks, and re-running the same test cases again and again. When I reported bugs, the test cases reflect an extra aspect:

4. granularity - When things go wrong, what went wrong? We'd like to get more information when tests failed.

As far as I can see, there are two pain points in software development with respect to testing:

Discover problems late in the game, and
Not being agile enough for changes/fixes.

Discovery problems late in the process is expensive because cost of change goes up as time moves on. To lower such cost, we want good communication between people in the problem domain (stakeholders who have problems) and people in the solution domain (programmers who implement solutions) to have less problems. For the problems, we'd like to be more agile in fixing the problems in the software. For this, we need to make code cleaner by applying refactoring.

Good habits introduced and emphasized by BDD are:

1. Outside-in Approach

Define behavior we want before we implement that behavior. Talk to domain experts first and code second. Starting from a business or organisational goal, having the requirement challenged, working from business-level to the code-level testing. It’s much cheaper to understand the spec out before you write the code. When coding, first think about what you’re about to write, then think about how you would test the code, before writing it.

2. Specification by Examples

Use examples to clarify requirements. To understand the behavior (specification), make scenarios available to anyone in the team to bridge business and technology side in a team. These examples are behavioral specifications. BDD specifies that business analysts and developers should collaborate in this area and should specify behavior in terms of user stories and acceptance criteria explicitly written down. Here's a story board template in which each story covers persona, why, and what:

In order to <why>
As a <persona>
I want to <what>

or,

As a <type of user>,
I want <some goal>
so that <some reason>

followed by:

Scenario Name: ...

given (some context)
when (something happens)
then (a outcome should occur)

For example,

Story: Returns go to stock

In order to keep track of stock
As a store owner
I want to add items back to stock when they're returned

Scenario 1: Refunded items should be returned to stock
Given a customer previously bought a black sweater from me
And I currently have three black sweaters left in stock
When he returns the sweater for a refund
Then I should have four black sweaters in stock

Scenario 2: Replaced items should be returned to stock
Given that a customer buys a blue garment
And I have two blue garments in stock
And three black garments in stock.
When he returns the garment for a replacement in black,
Then I should have three blue garments in stock
And two black garments in stock

3. Developing and using a ubiquitous language

Use a common, rigorous language between stakeholders (users) and programmers (developers) so the same thing is called using same right words. Emphasis on collaboration, and the use of business-readable, executable specifications. When everyone is involved in writing living documentation that describes what the system should do, they all get a chance to learn the language of the domain together.

Comparison

BDD vs. TDD

Both include unit tests, acceptance tests, functional tests, integration tests, etc.
TDD test the code the way they intend; BDD test what the requirements say it should do.
BDD builds upon TDD by formalizing the good habits of the best TDD practitioners. - The Cucumber Book, 2011

Conclusion

BDD really isn’t all that different to TDD. What BDD adds is a clear emphasis on what it takes to make TDD succeed: Focus on value. Discover examples collaboratively. Create living documentation describe the behavior that continue to be true.

References

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